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The dismissal of Israeli National Security Adviser Tzachi Hanegbi on October 21, 2025, represents more than a routine cabinet reshuffle. His parting call for an investigation into the October 7, 2023 security failures has reignited one of the most contentious political questions in Israel: why has Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s government refused to establish a commission of inquiry two years after the deadliest attack in Israeli history?

This analysis examines the implications of this leadership change, the unresolved questions surrounding Israel’s intelligence failures, and the potential ramifications for Singapore’s regional security posture in a Middle East still grappling with instability.


The October 7, 2023 Attack: A Security Catastrophe

The Scale of Failure

The Hamas attack on October 7, 2023, represented an unprecedented breach of Israeli security architecture. The assault, which sparked the Gaza war, exposed critical vulnerabilities in:

  • Intelligence gathering and analysis: Despite Israel’s sophisticated signals intelligence (SIGINT) and human intelligence (HUMINT) capabilities, Hamas operatives managed to plan and execute a complex, coordinated assault without detection
  • Border security: The Gaza perimeter, considered one of the world’s most heavily fortified borders, was breached at multiple points simultaneously
  • Military response protocols: The delayed and initially chaotic military response raised questions about command structures and readiness
  • Early warning systems: Technological surveillance systems failed to provide adequate warning of the imminent attack

Unanswered Questions

Two years later, fundamental questions remain unresolved:

  1. Intelligence Warnings: Were there warning signs that were missed, dismissed, or not properly escalated through the intelligence hierarchy?
  2. Military Preparedness: Why was the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) unable to respond more rapidly to the breach?
  3. Political Decisions: Did political considerations influence security deployments or resource allocations in the months leading to the attack?
  4. Inter-Agency Coordination: Did communication breakdowns between Mossad, Shin Bet, military intelligence, and the National Security Council contribute to the failure?

Why No Investigation? The Political Calculus

Netanyahu’s Resistance

Prime Minister Netanyahu’s reluctance to establish a state commission of inquiry appears driven by several factors:

Political Survival: Any comprehensive investigation would inevitably examine the Prime Minister’s own decisions and priorities in the period before October 7. With Netanyahu facing ongoing political challenges, such scrutiny could prove politically fatal.

Coalition Stability: A formal inquiry could expose decisions made by various coalition partners, potentially destabilizing the government during wartime.

Legal Implications: Given Netanyahu’s previous legal troubles, findings that point to negligence or poor judgment could have judicial consequences.

Public Opinion Management: While Israelis demand accountability, a formal inquiry could crystallize blame in ways that are politically unmanageable for current leadership.

Historical Precedent

Israel has established commissions of inquiry after previous security failures:

  • Yom Kippur War (1973): The Agranat Commission investigated intelligence and military failures
  • First Lebanon War (1982): The Kahan Commission examined the Sabra and Shatila massacre
  • Second Lebanon War (2006): The Winograd Commission assessed conduct of the conflict

The absence of such a mechanism for October 7—arguably the most significant security failure in Israeli history—is historically anomalous and politically revealing.


Hanegbi’s Dismissal: Reading the Tea Leaves

Timing and Context

Hanegbi’s firing comes at a critical juncture:

  • Two-year anniversary: The October 7 anniversary has renewed public pressure for accountability
  • Ceasefire fragility: A fragile ceasefire has been in place in Gaza since October 10, 2025, but its durability remains uncertain
  • Previous dismissals: The firing follows the earlier removal of Defense Minister Yoav Gallant and Shin Bet Chief Ronen Bar, suggesting a pattern of purging potential critics or rivals

The Parting Shot

Hanegbi’s public call for an investigation upon his dismissal is significant:

Breaking Silence: As an insider with access to classified information, his demand carries weight and suggests genuine concerns about unaddressed vulnerabilities

Political Cover: By calling for accountability while exiting, Hanegbi distances himself from potential blame while positioning himself as a voice of conscience

Pressure Tactic: His statement increases public pressure on Netanyahu to address the investigation question, making the issue harder to ignore

Legacy Protection: The call allows Hanegbi to frame his departure as principled rather than punitive


Security Implications: Lessons Unlearned?

The Danger of Avoiding Accountability

The refusal to conduct a thorough investigation creates several security risks:

Repeated Vulnerabilities: Without understanding what went wrong, Israel cannot be certain it has fixed the problems that enabled October 7

Institutional Learning: Military and intelligence organizations learn from failure; blocked accountability hinders this crucial process

Personnel Morale: Security professionals may feel scapegoated by dismissals without comprehensive fact-finding

International Credibility: Allies may question Israel’s security assurances if it won’t examine its own failures transparently

Regional Instability

The unresolved Gaza conflict continues to generate regional instability:

  • Ongoing tensions with Iran and its proxies
  • Uncertain Lebanese border situation
  • Strained relations with regional partners
  • Question marks over future deterrence credibility

Singapore Impact and Regional Considerations

Why Singapore Should Pay Attention

While geographically distant, developments in the Middle East have direct and indirect implications for Singapore:

1. Maritime Security and Global Trade

Strait of Hormuz Vulnerability: Approximately 21% of global petroleum passes through the Strait of Hormuz. Middle East instability directly affects:

  • Shipping insurance costs
  • Energy prices affecting Singapore’s petrochemical and refining sectors
  • Supply chain reliability for Singapore’s port operations

Red Sea Disruptions: Ongoing regional tensions have already affected shipping through the Red Sea and Suez Canal, forcing vessels to take longer routes around Africa, impacting:

  • Singapore’s position as a transshipment hub
  • Port volumes and maritime services revenue
  • Global supply chain costs passed to consumers

2. Intelligence and Security Lessons

Relevant Parallels: Singapore’s security establishment can draw lessons from Israel’s October 7 failures:

Technology Over-Reliance: If Israeli technological surveillance was circumvented, Singapore’s own technology-heavy security approach warrants review

Intelligence Integration: The apparent breakdown in Israeli inter-agency communication offers lessons for Singapore’s own multi-agency security coordination

Threat Assessment: Hamas’s ability to mask preparations challenges assumptions about adversary capabilities and the need for constant threat reassessment

Insider Threats: Any comprehensive October 7 investigation would likely examine potential intelligence compromises—relevant to Singapore’s own security vetting

3. Regional Military Spending and Deterrence

Arms Race Dynamics: The Middle East conflict affects regional military modernization:

  • Singapore’s defense procurements often include Israeli technology
  • Regional powers are increasing defense spending, affecting Singapore’s own strategic calculations
  • Lessons about missile defense, drone warfare, and cyber capabilities inform Singapore’s defense planning

4. Diaspora and Social Cohesion

Religious Dimensions: Singapore’s multi-religious society requires careful management of tensions:

  • The Gaza conflict has generated strong feelings among Muslim and Jewish communities globally
  • Singapore has successfully maintained religious harmony, but prolonged Middle East conflicts test social cohesion
  • Government messaging must balance support for international law with sensitivity to domestic religious communities

5. Diplomatic Positioning

ASEAN-Middle East Relations: Singapore’s diplomatic approach to Middle East conflicts affects:

  • Relations with Gulf states (major investors in Singapore)
  • Credibility in international forums
  • Singapore’s role as a neutral convening location for sensitive negotiations

Rules-Based Order: Singapore’s consistent advocacy for international law means its position on Gaza and Israel carries weight:

  • Support for UN Security Council resolutions
  • Humanitarian concerns versus security imperatives
  • Balancing relationships with both Israel and Arab states

6. Economic Exposure

Investment Flows: Singapore hosts significant Middle Eastern investment:

  • Sovereign wealth funds from Gulf states are major investors in Singapore’s economy
  • Israeli technology sector connections with Singapore’s innovation ecosystem
  • Prolonged conflict affects investor confidence and capital deployment

Energy Transition: Middle East instability accelerates Singapore’s own energy security considerations:

  • Diversification of energy imports
  • Acceleration of renewable energy investments
  • Regional energy cooperation frameworks

The Investigation That Should Happen

What a Proper Inquiry Would Examine

A comprehensive Israeli investigation should address:

Intelligence Failures:

  • Assessment of available intelligence before October 7
  • Decision-making processes for threat evaluation
  • Inter-agency information sharing protocols
  • Human intelligence penetration of Hamas

Military Response:

  • Command and control effectiveness
  • Resource allocation decisions
  • Training and readiness levels
  • Technology system performance

Political Decisions:

  • Security policy priorities in preceding months
  • Budget allocations to different security sectors
  • Political pressures affecting military deployments
  • Leadership communication during the crisis

Systemic Issues:

  • Organizational culture problems
  • Cognitive biases in threat assessment
  • Technological dependencies and vulnerabilities
  • Lessons for future preparedness

Benefits for Regional Security

A transparent Israeli investigation would benefit regional security by:

  • Demonstrating Accountability: Showing that democracies hold leadership accountable even during conflicts
  • Restoring Deterrence: Addressing vulnerabilities to strengthen defensive posture
  • Building Trust: Showing allies that Israel takes security seriously enough to examine failures honestly
  • Informing Partners: Sharing lessons learned with security partners facing similar threats

Singapore’s Strategic Response

What Singapore Is Likely Monitoring

Singapore’s security and intelligence community is likely tracking:

Intelligence Methodologies: How Hamas circumvented Israeli surveillance provides insights into adversary innovation

Urban Warfare Lessons: The Gaza conflict offers tactical lessons for Singapore’s own urban defense planning

Civilian Protection: Israel’s struggle to balance military objectives with civilian harm informs Singapore’s own civil defense thinking

Information Operations: The intense information warfare around the conflict provides lessons for Singapore’s own psychological defense

Alliance Reliability: How Israel’s allies (particularly the United States) responded informs Singapore’s own alliance strategy

Policy Implications

Singapore’s response to Middle East developments likely includes:

Enhanced Intelligence Cooperation: Deeper engagement with partners to understand evolving threat methodologies

Defense Modernization: Continued investment in technologies addressing vulnerabilities exposed by October 7

Social Cohesion Programs: Proactive management of domestic religious and ethnic harmony

Economic Diversification: Reducing exposure to Middle East volatility through supply chain and energy diversification

Diplomatic Engagement: Maintaining relationships across Middle Eastern divides to preserve Singapore’s neutral broker status


Conclusion: The Cost of Avoided Accountability

Tzachi Hanegbi’s dismissal and his parting call for an October 7 investigation highlight a fundamental tension in democratic governance during crisis: the need for accountability versus the political costs of transparency.

For Israel, the continued absence of a formal inquiry represents a missed opportunity to learn from failure, restore public trust, and demonstrate to allies and adversaries alike that its security establishment can adapt and improve. The dismissal of senior security officials without comprehensive investigation creates the appearance of scapegoating rather than systemic reform.

For Singapore, the Israeli experience offers valuable lessons in both negative and positive terms. Negatively, it demonstrates how political considerations can obstruct necessary security reforms. Positively, it reinforces Singapore’s own tradition of conducting inquiries into security matters (such as the 2013 Little India riot inquiry) as a means of institutional learning and public accountability.

As the Middle East enters yet another uncertain phase, the unresolved questions of October 7, 2023, continue to cast shadows over regional security. For a small state like Singapore, dependent on regional stability and global trade, these shadows extend far beyond the immediate conflict zone.

The real question is not whether investigations into failure are politically costly—they always are. The question is whether the cost of avoiding them is ultimately higher. Two years after October 7, Israel has yet to provide a definitive answer. Singapore, observing from afar, would do well to note the risks of such avoidance in its own security planning and governance.


Key Takeaways for Singapore

  1. Never waste a crisis: Security failures offer learning opportunities that should not be sacrificed to political expediency
  2. Technology is not sufficient: Even sophisticated surveillance can be circumvented; human judgment and inter-agency cooperation remain crucial
  3. Accountability strengthens deterrence: Demonstrating the ability to learn from mistakes enhances rather than undermines security credibility
  4. Regional stability is global: Middle East conflicts have direct implications for Singapore’s maritime trade, energy security, and social cohesion
  5. Maintain strategic neutrality: Singapore’s ability to work with all parties in Middle East conflicts serves national interests and regional stability

What Chan Chun Sing Reveals About Singapore’s Hidden Security Challenges

SINGAPORE – The world is growing more uncertain, and Singapore cannot afford to let its guard down. Defence Minister Chan Chun Sing warned that global conflicts could have unexpected consequences for the nation, possibly making it “collateral in other people’s fight.” He emphasised the need for greater vigilance across Singapore’s various sectors and public spaces.

Each day, the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) faces a complex web of threats. These challenges touch all four branches — Army, Navy, Air Force, and Digital Intelligence. Soldiers, sailors, airmen, and cyber defenders are constantly adapting, watching for dangers that could emerge from anywhere.

Minister Chan painted a picture of uneasy times. “Today, we are not at war in the conventional sense, neither are we at peace in the conventional sense,” he told reporters on June 25. In this grey zone between war and peace, Singapore must be ready for anything.

As tensions simmer abroad, the minister’s words serve as a reminder. The nation’s safety depends on staying alert, prepared, and united — no matter how distant the world’s troubles may seem.

“We are constantly working in a space that isn’t just black or white, but filled with countless shades in between. Every day brings new challenges, each with its level of complexity. That’s what keeps us alert and ready for anything,” Mr Chan explained.

He shared how the Digital and Intelligence Service (DIS), along with other government agencies, must face thousands of cyber intrusion attempts daily. These relentless attacks target Singapore’s digital infrastructure, continually testing the nation’s defences. The origins of these threats often remain shrouded in secrecy — Mr Chan did not reveal who was behind them.

“Sometimes, it’s just individuals messing around, probing our systems out of curiosity or mischief,” he continued. “But more often than not, we suspect there are serious actors involved — people with intent to do harm or steal sensitive information.”

This constant state of vigilance means the teams can never let their guard down. Each day presents a new puzzle to solve, a new threat to counter. And it is this ever-shifting landscape that keeps everyone on their toes, always ready for the next challenge.

There are ongoing efforts to maintain the safety of Singapore’s airspace and territorial waters. The work never stops, day or night.  

Mr Chan explained that the Republic of Singapore Air Force is constantly on alert. Every year, they respond to hundreds of incidents involving unknown aircraft or suspicious activity. Sometimes, this means fighter jets and other air defence assets must be scrambled at a moment’s notice. Crews race to their stations, ready to intercept and identify any potential threats before they come too close.

The Navy faces similar challenges at sea. Patrol vessels and maritime security teams are always vigilant, scanning the waters for unauthorised ships or suspicious boats. Mr Chan, who once served as the Chief of Army, knows firsthand how much dedication and training it takes to keep Singapore safe.  

Whether in the sky or on the waves, the job is relentless — but the men and women of Singapore’s armed forces remain committed to defending their homeland.

Every day, hundreds — sometimes even thousands — of ships pass through the narrow Singapore Strait. Each vessel represents a potential risk, so teams must constantly board and inspect them. These checks are critical to ensure the waters remain safe from threat actors who might exploit this busy passage.

But the challenges do not end at sea. In the information sphere, another battle rages. Here, different groups work tirelessly to influence how Singaporeans think and feel. They use subtle messages and targeted campaigns to shape public opinion, sometimes striking directly at Singapore, other times making the country an unintended target.

The Ministry of Defence (Mindef) is always on guard against these information operations. Whether the attacks are deliberate or Singapore becomes collateral damage, the Ministry of Defence (Mindef) treats every attempt seriously. For them, the safety of the strait and the minds of its people are both vital fronts in an ongoing struggle.

Mr Chan addressed the media at the Ministry of Defence headquarters in Bukit Gombak. It was just days before SAF Day on July 1, and the atmosphere was tense. Global unrest had been mounting, with conflicts intensifying in the Middle East.

He spoke gravely about the escalating situation between Iran and Israel. Recent events have seen not only direct clashes but also the United States launching airstrikes on Iran’s nuclear sites. The world was watching with unease.

Mr Chan warned that Iran’s response might be far-reaching. Retaliation could extend beyond American or Israeli targets. He emphasised that no country should assume it is out of harm’s way.

As he stood before reporters, his message was clear. In today’s interconnected world, distant conflicts can have ripple effects closer to home. The security landscape was changing, and Singapore needed to stay vigilant.

“It could be anywhere else,” Mr. Chan remarked, his voice tinged with concern. He explained that conflicts like these have the potential to ignite strong emotions throughout the region. If not managed carefully, these heightened feelings could escalate and spill over into acts of terrorism.

Mr. Chan emphasised that the security risks are now much more complex than before. Today’s threats are no longer limited to traditional forms of terrorism. They have evolved, reaching into new and unpredictable areas.

He pointed out that cyberspace has become a fresh battleground. Hackers and extremist groups are finding ways to exploit digital vulnerabilities, spreading fear and misinformation at an alarming rate. The consequences of such attacks can ripple far beyond national borders.

Because of this, Mr. Chan warned, security agencies must stay vigilant and adapt quickly. The landscape is changing, and the dangers are growing more sophisticated with each passing day.

He explained that technologies like computer viruses and drones have existed for years. But now, the ways they are used — and the scale at which they are deployed — have changed dramatically. Drones, once limited to surveillance or hobbyists, can now deliver precise attacks or gather real-time intelligence on the battlefield. Computer viruses, too, have evolved from simple nuisances to powerful tools capable of crippling entire networks.

He went on to say that the distinction between military and civilian applications of these technologies has become increasingly unclear. Drones used for agriculture or filmmaking can be quickly adapted for reconnaissance or even weaponised missions. Similarly, software developed for commercial purposes can be repurposed for cyberwarfare.

Looking ahead, he observed that security operations will shift away from large, centralised forces. Instead, troops will operate in smaller, more agile units, capable of responding quickly and independently. This decentralisation will require new strategies, new training, and continuous adaptation to technological advances.

In this evolving landscape, both opportunity and risk are growing side by side.

This, Mr Chan explained, taps directly into the SAF’s greatest strengths.

Since Singapore’s independence in 1965, the Singapore Armed Forces has never counted on sheer troop numbers to defend the nation. Instead, it has focused on harnessing cutting-edge technology as a force multiplier. This strategy has enabled a relatively small military to punch above its weight, remaining agile and effective despite a limited workforce.

Mr Chan pointed out that this approach is now more relevant than ever. Around the world, new generations of advanced technology are emerging at a rapid pace — think artificial intelligence, autonomous systems, and sophisticated surveillance tools. These innovations hold tremendous potential for enhancing the SAF’s operational capabilities.

Looking ahead, Mr Chan believes that these technological advancements will enable the SAF to amplify its staffing further. In other words, with more innovative tools and systems, each soldier will be able to do even more. The SAF’s longstanding focus on innovation ensures that it will continue to stay ahead, safeguarding Singapore’s security in an increasingly complex world.

Another strength lies in the calibre of people and leaders within the SAF, he explained. Mr Chan noted that some critics argue that having full-time national servicemen (NSFs) and operationally ready national service members (NSmen) puts the SAF at a disadvantage.

He disagrees. To him, the SAF’s reliance on NSFs and NSmen is actually a unique advantage.

By drawing from all walks of life, the SAF can tap into a vast pool of talent and perspectives. Young Singaporeans, fresh from school or work, bring new ideas and energy to their units. Experienced NSmen return each year, sharing insights from their civilian careers and applying them to the military challenges they face.

This diversity means the SAF is not just run by professional soldiers but by a cross-section of society. They participate in designing, operating, and improving complex systems together.

In Mr Chan’s view, this blend of backgrounds creates stronger teams and better solutions. It ensures the SAF remains adaptable and connected to the nation it protects.

Mr Chan shared his perspective on how the SAF is able to function with greater decentralisation than before. According to him, this shift opens up a wider range of leadership roles for different groups within the armed forces. He emphasised that this isn’t simply about sending more soldiers through formal leadership training courses. Instead, it’s about fostering leadership at multiple tiers throughout the organisation, and creating more chances for many full-time national servicemen (NSFs) to step up and take on such responsibilities.

To illustrate his point, Mr Chan highlighted an example from the Digital and Intelligence Service (DIS), which is the newest branch within the SAF. Unlike traditional army companies, which typically operate with around 100 personnel, DIS teams can be as small as three to five people. In these compact teams, every member must be prepared to assume a leadership role due to the advanced technologies they employ and the critical functions they perform.

He explained, “Every one of them must be able to take on leadership because of the technology that they are using and applying.”

As Singapore’s defence landscape evolves, Mr Chan also addressed the issue of prudent spending. He assured that the SAF remains committed to investing wisely, choosing areas where expenditure delivers significant value, rather than focusing solely on hitting specific budget targets. The goal, he stressed, is to maintain spending at sustainable levels, acknowledging that developing new capabilities is a long-term process.

“What we want to avoid,” he said, “is what we call the ‘feast and famine’ cycle — buying a lot when funds are plentiful and then struggling to keep those assets running later on. That’s not the way to get the most out of our defence budget.”

Over recent years, Singapore’s defence expenditure has remained steady, typically accounting for about 3 per cent of the nation’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Mr Chan pointed out. He noted that this figure does not include security expenses outside of the Ministry of Defence, such as those allocated to the Home Team or for cybersecurity purposes.

The minister’s remarks came in response to a question regarding whether Singapore’s current defence spending is adequate given increasing global security challenges. There have been calls in the region for nations to bolster their military budgets. For instance, during the Shangri-La Dialogue held in May, US Secretary of Defence Pete Hegseth urged American allies in the Indo-Pacific region to raise their defence spending to 5 per cent of GDP.

In conclusion, Mr Chan’s comments painted a picture of an SAF that is both forward-thinking and judicious — willing to decentralise command and empower its people, while also carefully stewarding its resources to ensure long-term strength and readiness.

When Mr Chan spoke about the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF), he reflected on how fortunate the organisation has been to enjoy consistent backing from both the public and political leaders, allowing it to allocate as much as 6 per cent of the nation’s GDP towards defence. This steadfast support, he noted, has enabled the SAF to remain robust and responsive to changing needs.

He went on to explain that, as warfare evolves, certain aspects of defence will inevitably demand greater investment. The nature of conflict is shifting, he observed, and the SAF must adapt accordingly. However, Mr Chan also pointed out that this new landscape brings with it opportunities to explore innovative, cost-effective solutions that can supplement existing capabilities. “We’re always seeking new, more affordable ways to enhance our forces without compromising on what’s essential,” he said, emphasising a commitment to progress along this path.

Recent discussions have highlighted the SAF’s intention to expand its use of advanced technologies, such as drones and modern weaponry, in response to emerging threats. In the same vein, Prime Minister Wong has described a powerful SAF as Singapore’s ultimate safeguard — its most crucial form of insurance.

Delving into the topic of technological adoption, Mr Chan explained that the SAF takes a discerning approach to integrating new tools, such as artificial intelligence. Rather than jumping on every trend, the organisation carefully evaluates each technology, considering how it can be practically applied to serve specific operational needs. “It’s not about adopting technology for its own sake,” he remarked. “We focus on real-world applications that directly benefit our mission.”

The SAF keeps a close watch on shifts in the character of warfare, including increased reliance on drones and the growing prevalence of cyber attacks. Yet, Mr Chan acknowledged that one of the most significant challenges lies in anticipating the threats of tomorrow — those not yet fully visible on today’s horizon. Preparing for these unknowns requires foresight: putting in place initiatives that develop new capabilities ahead of time so that when these threats do surface, the SAF is ready to respond decisively.

Significantly, Mr Chan stressed that changes in leadership do not drive the development of new defence strategies and technologies. The evolution of the SAF is a continuous process, building upon foundations laid by previous generations. He recently assumed his current role after Dr Ng Eng Hen’s long tenure as Defence Minister. Still, many of the capabilities in place today were initiated during or even before his period as Chief of Army from 2010 to 2011.

Much of this work, he noted, happens behind closed doors. The classified nature of many SAF projects is intentional — it ensures Singapore remains a step ahead in an unpredictable world. “We don’t announce everything we’re working on,” Mr Chan concluded. “But at the right moment, we’ll share those developments with the public.”

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