A wave of unrest is sweeping across Italy, culminating in a planned general strike for Friday, called by major Italian unions including CGIL and other smaller federations. This decisive action comes in direct solidarity with the Global Sumud Flotilla and in response to the “extremely serious matter” of alleged aggression against these civilian ships, some of which carry Italian citizens. The Flotilla itself is a powerful symbol of humanitarian defiance, comprising over 40 civilian boats with approximately 500 parliamentarians, lawyers, and activists – critically, including an Italian contingent – all committed to breaking Israel’s blockade of Gaza with desperately needed medicine and food supplies.
The call for a strike follows immediate and palpable protests erupting Wednesday evening across multiple Italian cities: in Naples, demonstrators dramatically entered the main railway station, bringing train traffic to a halt, while police quickly converged to surround Rome’s Termini station. Further demonstrating the breadth of this dissent, the USB union in Genoa has announced intentions to block the vital port. This escalating situation is not isolated, but rather builds on a history of recent labor activism; it follows a general strike on September 22 that regrettably turned violent in Milan.
Moreover, over the past two weeks, Italian dockworkers have already been preventing ships suspected of involvement in trade with Israel from docking and loading, highlighting a sustained commitment to their cause. Collectively, these actions underscore growing tensions within Italy concerning the Gaza conflict and reflect a profound solidarity with international humanitarian aid efforts, signaling a deeply politicized public sentiment impacting national infrastructure.
A Convergence of Humanitarian Crisis and Labor Militancy
The interception of the Global Sumud Flotilla by military forces has ignited an unprecedented wave of labor action across Italy, revealing the complex intersection of international humanitarian concerns, domestic labor politics, and Italy’s diplomatic positioning in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The decision by major Italian unions to call a general strike represents not merely a symbolic gesture, but a significant escalation in European labor’s engagement with Middle Eastern geopolitics, with potentially far-reaching consequences for Italy’s economy, political stability, and international relations.
The Anatomy of the Labor Response
Union Coordination and Escalation
The call for a general strike by CGIL, Italy’s largest and most influential trade union confederation, marks a critical threshold in the labor movement’s response to the Gaza crisis. CGIL’s involvement elevates this action beyond grassroots activism into mainstream Italian politics. With approximately 5.5 million members across various sectors, CGIL’s participation transforms what might have been isolated protests into a coordinated national action capable of paralyzing significant portions of the Italian economy.
The involvement of smaller unions alongside CGIL creates a rare moment of unity across Italy’s often-fragmented labor landscape. This coalition includes the more militant Unione Sindacale di Base (USB), which has demonstrated willingness to engage in confrontational tactics, as evidenced by the violence that erupted during their September 22 strike in Milan. The convergence of mainstream and radical union forces suggests deep-seated anger within Italian civil society that transcends traditional political divisions.
Strategic Targeting: Ports and Transportation
The protesters’ focus on transportation infrastructure—railway stations in Rome and Naples, and port facilities in Genoa—reveals sophisticated strategic thinking. These chokepoints are the circulatory system of Italy’s economy, particularly vulnerable to disruption and capable of generating maximum economic and political pressure with relatively limited participation.
Italy’s ports handle approximately 500 million tonnes of cargo annually, making them critical nodes in Mediterranean and European trade networks. Genoa, specifically targeted by USB for blockade, is Italy’s busiest port and a crucial link between Mediterranean shipping lanes and Northern European markets. Even temporary disruptions can create cascading delays affecting supply chains across the continent.
The railway station occupations in Naples and Rome directly impact both domestic commerce and international passenger traffic. Italy’s rail network carries over 800 million passengers annually, and disruptions at major hubs like Termini station in Rome create immediate visibility and inconvenience that amplifies the protesters’ message.
Historical Context: Italy’s Unique Position
The Dockworkers’ Precedent
The current actions build upon two weeks of dockworker activism targeting vessels involved in trade with Israel. This represents a revival of a long tradition of Italian port workers engaging in political action through their control of maritime commerce. Historically, Italian dockworkers have exercised significant political influence precisely because of their strategic position in global trade networks.
This sustained campaign of selective vessel targeting demonstrates remarkable organizational capacity and suggests coordination beyond spontaneous protest. Dockworkers must maintain intelligence networks to identify targeted vessels, coordinate across multiple ports, and sustain action despite potential employer pressure and legal challenges.
Italy’s Complex Relationship with the Middle East
Italy occupies a unique position in European-Middle Eastern relations. Unlike Northern European nations, Italy has historically maintained more balanced relationships with both Israel and Arab states, partly due to geographic proximity, energy dependencies, and significant trade relationships across the Mediterranean. Italy imports substantial quantities of natural gas from North African nations and maintains extensive commercial relationships throughout the Middle East.
The presence of Italian citizens aboard the Global Sumud Flotilla creates a direct national interest that transcends abstract solidarity. The CGIL union’s statement characterizing the interception as “an extremely serious matter” involving “aggression against civilian ships carrying Italian citizens” frames the issue not merely as international humanitarian concern but as a matter of national sovereignty and citizen protection.
Economic Impact Assessment
Immediate Disruptions
A general strike in Italy’s current economic context carries significant risks. Italy’s economy, the third-largest in the Eurozone, remains fragile with public debt exceeding 140% of GDP and growth consistently lagging European averages. Even a single day of general strike action can cost the Italian economy hundreds of millions of euros through lost productivity, disrupted commerce, and damaged business confidence.
The tourism sector, which accounts for approximately 13% of Italian GDP, is particularly vulnerable to transportation disruptions. October represents the tail end of the crucial tourism season, and railway station closures or port blockades directly impact visitor experiences and Italy’s international reputation as a reliable destination.
Supply Chain Vulnerabilities
The targeted nature of the protests—focusing on ports and logistics infrastructure—exploits critical vulnerabilities in just-in-time manufacturing and distribution systems. Modern supply chains operate on minimal inventory buffers, meaning even brief disruptions can trigger shortages, production stoppages, and contractual penalties that ripple through multiple industries.
Italian manufacturing, particularly in Northern industrial regions, depends on reliable import of components and raw materials through Mediterranean ports. Automotive, machinery, and fashion industries—pillars of Italian exports—face potential production interruptions if port blockades prevent timely delivery of inputs or shipment of finished goods.
Long-term Business Confidence Effects
Beyond immediate costs, sustained labor militancy creates uncertainty that affects investment decisions and Italy’s competitiveness. Businesses considering facility locations or logistics arrangements factor in strike risk when evaluating Italian operations versus alternatives in Spain, France, or Eastern Europe. Repeated disruptions may accelerate the slow erosion of Italy’s manufacturing base as companies diversify away from perceived unreliability.
Political Ramifications
Domestic Political Dynamics
The labor actions place Italy’s government in a politically precarious position. The current administration must balance several competing pressures: maintaining relationships with both Israel and its European partners; responding to genuine domestic sentiment regarding humanitarian concerns in Gaza; protecting Italian citizens involved in the flotilla; and preventing economic disruption from spiraling labor unrest.
The fact that the Foreign Minister Antonio Tajani sought assurances from his Israeli counterpart that armed forces would not use violence against flotilla activists indicates the government’s awareness of potential domestic political costs if Italian citizens are harmed. However, any perceived government sympathy for the protesters risks straining Italy’s relationship with Israel and potentially the United States.
The Legitimacy Question
The strikes pose fundamental questions about the appropriate role of organized labor in foreign policy. Critics argue that unions wielding economic leverage to influence international relations represents an illegitimate circumvention of democratic processes and elected government authority. Supporters contend that civil society organizations have not only the right but the responsibility to exert pressure when governments fail to adequately address humanitarian crises.
This tension reflects broader debates about popular sovereignty, representative democracy, and the limits of legitimate protest in liberal democratic systems. The precedent of successful labor action on foreign policy issues could embolden similar tactics on other international questions, potentially complicating Italy’s diplomatic flexibility.
Political Violence Concerns
The violence that erupted during the September 22 strike in Milan raises serious concerns about escalation potential. Italy has a complex history with political violence, and the current protests occur against a backdrop of rising populism, economic frustration, and polarization around immigration and cultural identity issues often intertwined with Middle Eastern politics.
Confrontations between protesters and police, property damage, or clashes between opposing political factions could transform the narrative from humanitarian solidarity to public disorder, potentially triggering government crackdowns that further inflame tensions and create martyrs for the cause.
International Implications
European Solidarity and Division
The Italian labor actions test European unity on Middle Eastern policy. While European Union member states formally coordinate foreign policy positions, significant divergences exist regarding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Some nations maintain strongly pro-Israel positions while others advocate for Palestinian rights and humanitarian access to Gaza.
Italian labor militancy on this issue may inspire similar actions in other European countries with strong union traditions—Spain, France, Belgium, Greece—potentially creating a cascade of disruptions that forces EU-level policy reconsideration. Alternatively, it may isolate Italy if other nations view the actions as irresponsible economic self-harm over foreign policy disagreements.
The Blockade Question
The flotilla’s explicit mission to “break Israel’s blockade of Gaza” engages one of the most contentious issues in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Israel maintains that the blockade is a legitimate security measure necessary to prevent weapons smuggling to Hamas, which governs Gaza and is designated as a terrorist organization by the EU, US, and other nations.
Critics argue the blockade constitutes collective punishment of Gaza’s civilian population, creates a humanitarian catastrophe, and violates international law. The Italian labor movement’s decision to support blockade-breaking efforts through general strike action represents a clear position on this legal and moral debate, with implications for how European publics perceive the legitimacy of Israel’s security policies.
Precedent for Aid Flotillas
The outcome of this confrontation will significantly impact future humanitarian flotilla attempts. If the Italian labor response succeeds in generating political pressure that alters the treatment of flotilla vessels or changes Gaza access policies, it establishes a template for civil society organizations to leverage economic disruption in support of aid delivery to conflict zones.
Conversely, if the labor actions fail to achieve tangible results or generate sufficient public backlash to discredit the tactic, it may deter future flotilla attempts and reinforce the effectiveness of maritime blockades in preventing unauthorized access to restricted areas.
The Humanitarian Dimension
The Global Sumud Flotilla’s Mission
The flotilla’s composition—over 40 vessels carrying 500 parliamentarians, lawyers, and activists—represents a significant investment of resources and political capital in direct action humanitarianism. The inclusion of parliamentarians from various nations elevates the action beyond typical activist protest, creating diplomatic complications when elected officials are intercepted or detained by military forces.
The flotilla’s cargo of medicine and food addresses genuine humanitarian needs in Gaza, where the population has endured severe restrictions on movement and commerce for years. The United Nations and numerous humanitarian organizations have documented shortages of medical supplies, food insecurity, and infrastructure deterioration affecting millions of Palestinian civilians.
The Dilemma of Direct Action
The flotilla strategy represents frustration with conventional diplomatic and humanitarian channels. Supporters argue that traditional aid delivery systems have proven inadequate to address Gaza’s crisis, necessitating direct action that challenges the blockade’s legitimacy through civil disobedience.
Critics contend that such actions undermine Israel’s legitimate security concerns, potentially embolden militant groups by demonstrating that international pressure can overcome security measures, and risk participants’ safety by placing civilians in potential conflict zones. The debate reflects fundamental disagreements about the balance between humanitarian imperatives and security considerations in asymmetric conflicts.
Organizational Analysis: The Mechanics of Modern Labor Protest
Digital Coordination and Traditional Power
The protests demonstrate how contemporary labor movements blend traditional union organizational structures with digital-age coordination capabilities. The ability to rapidly mobilize protesters across multiple cities simultaneously suggests sophisticated communication networks utilizing social media, messaging apps, and traditional union communication channels.
The USB’s announcement of port blockade intentions via social media, calling protesters to gather at specific times and locations, exemplifies this hybrid approach. Digital tools enable rapid response and broad mobilization while traditional union structures provide institutional legitimacy, resources, and experience in sustaining prolonged campaigns.
The Port Blockade Model
The two-week campaign of preventing targeted vessels from docking represents a sustained, disciplined effort requiring substantial organizational capacity. Dockworkers must:
- Identify vessels involved in Israel trade through shipping manifests and intelligence networks
- Coordinate refusal to service specific ships while maintaining plausible deniability regarding illegal work stoppages
- Manage employer pressure and potential legal consequences
- Sustain action despite economic costs to individual workers who may lose wages
- Maintain public support through effective communication about their mission
This level of sophistication suggests seasoned organizers with experience in both labor actions and political campaigns, potentially drawing on Italy’s rich history of politically engaged unionism.
The Question of Sustainability
A critical question facing the movement is sustainability. General strikes generate maximum attention but cannot be maintained indefinitely without severe economic consequences to workers themselves. The October 4 strike represents a dramatic escalation, but what follows if it fails to achieve desired outcomes?
Labor movements must carefully calibrate their tactics to maintain pressure without exhausting their resources, public support, or legal standing. The pattern of escalation from selective port actions to railway station occupations to general strike suggests a strategic progression, but also raises questions about what options remain if current tactics prove insufficient.
Legal and Ethical Considerations
The Right to Strike in International Context
Italian law provides strong protections for workers’ right to strike, grounded in constitutional guarantees and decades of labor jurisprudence. However, strikes explicitly aimed at influencing foreign policy rather than employment conditions occupy ambiguous legal territory. Can employers or the state argue that strikes unrelated to workplace issues exceed legitimate union activity?
Courts may face novel questions about whether political general strikes enjoy the same legal protections as strikes over wages, working conditions, or labor disputes. Adverse legal rulings could expose unions to financial liability or criminal penalties, potentially chilling future political labor actions.
Ethical Dimensions of Economic Leverage
The use of economic disruption to advance political positions raises ethical questions about power, representation, and the social contract. In democratic societies, foreign policy theoretically reflects the will of the electorate as expressed through elected representatives. When unions leverage their economic power to override or pressure elected governments on foreign policy, do they act legitimately within democratic norms?
Defenders argue that democracy requires active citizenship beyond voting, that governments often lag behind public sentiment on moral issues, and that civil disobedience has a legitimate role when conventional politics fails to address humanitarian emergencies. Critics contend that allowing powerful interest groups to essentially hold economies hostage over policy disagreements undermines the principle of equal political voice and substitutes economic power for democratic deliberation.
Responsibility for Consequences
Who bears responsibility for the economic and social costs of the labor actions? If businesses fail, workers in unrelated industries lose jobs, or essential services are disrupted, are the unions culpable? Or does responsibility rest with governments that failed to address the underlying humanitarian concerns that motivated the protests?
These questions have no simple answers but will significantly influence public perception of the labor actions’ legitimacy and the willingness of workers and unions to engage in similar tactics on future issues.
Comparative Analysis: Labor and Foreign Policy
Historical Precedents
Labor movements have occasionally wielded economic power on foreign policy issues, with varying results. During the apartheid era, international unions participated in boycotts, divestment, and sanctions campaigns targeting South Africa, contributing to pressure that eventually helped end the racist regime. These actions are now widely regarded as morally justified and politically effective.
Conversely, politically motivated strikes have sometimes backfired, generating public resentment, economic costs that discredit the causes they champion, and government crackdowns that weaken labor movements. The success or failure of the Italian actions will partly depend on whether the public perceives the Gaza humanitarian situation as analogous to clear moral imperatives like apartheid or as illegitimate interference in complex geopolitical situations beyond labor’s proper sphere.
The Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions (BDS) Movement
The Italian dockworkers’ selective targeting of vessels involved in Israel trade aligns with the broader BDS movement, which seeks to use economic pressure to change Israeli policies toward Palestinians. The BDS movement remains highly controversial, with supporters framing it as nonviolent resistance to occupation and critics arguing it singles out Israel unfairly, harms Palestinian workers, and masks antisemitic sentiment.
The Italian labor actions implicitly endorse BDS logic—that economic engagement with Israel should be conditional on policy changes regarding Gaza and Palestinian rights. This positions the Italian labor movement within a global campaign that has achieved some successes (company divestments, academic boycotts) but also generated significant opposition and legal challenges in various jurisdictions.
Media and Public Opinion Dynamics
Framing the Narrative
The battle for public opinion will significantly influence the labor actions’ outcomes. Unions frame the issue as humanitarian solidarity with suffering Gazans and protection of Italian citizens on aid vessels. Opponents frame it as illegitimate economic blackmail, antisemitism disguised as humanitarianism, or reckless endangerment of Italy’s economy and international relationships.
Media coverage will significantly shape which frame dominates public consciousness. Sympathetic coverage emphasizing Gaza’s humanitarian crisis and the flotilla’s peaceful intentions supports the unions’ position. Coverage emphasizing economic disruption, confrontations with police, or questions about the wisdom of challenging Israel’s blockade undermines public support.
Social Media Amplification
The protests’ visibility on social media creates both opportunities and risks for organizers. Dramatic images of protesters occupying railway stations or confronting police can generate sympathy and mobilize support, particularly among younger demographics more engaged with Palestinian rights issues. However, images of violence, property destruction, or economic disruption can alienate moderate public opinion and provide ammunition for critics.
The global nature of social media means the Italian protests contribute to and draw from international discourse about Israel-Palestine, creating solidarity networks but also exposing the movement to international criticism and counter-mobilization.
Government Response Options
The Negotiation Dilemma
Italy’s government faces difficult choices in responding to the labor actions. Heavy-handed police responses risk creating martyrs, generating sympathy for the protesters, and escalating confrontations. The violence in Milan during the September 22 strike demonstrates the potential for escalation when police and protesters clash.
Conversely, appearing weak or acquiescent to union pressure may embolden further actions, create precedents that other groups attempt to replicate on different issues, and generate criticism from businesses, opposition parties, and international partners who expect the government to maintain order and economic stability.
Diplomatic Maneuvering
Foreign Minister Tajani’s effort to secure Israeli assurances against violence toward flotilla activists represents an attempt to defuse the crisis through diplomacy. If Italy can broker an outcome where activists are safely returned without harm, it potentially satisfies domestic concerns while maintaining productive relationships with Israel.
However, this approach depends on Israeli cooperation and doesn’t directly address the underlying issue of Gaza’s humanitarian situation or the blockade’s legitimacy. Unless substantive policy changes emerge, the diplomatic approach may only postpone rather than resolve the tensions driving the labor militancy.
Legal Enforcement
The government could attempt to ban the general strike or limit its scope through legal mechanisms, arguing that strikes unrelated to employment matters or aimed at foreign policy exceed legitimate union activity. However, this approach risks constitutional challenges, further inflaming tensions, and creating the appearance of government suppression of legitimate dissent.
Italy’s strong labor protections and constitutional guarantees of strike rights make legal suppression difficult without clear evidence that strikes threaten public safety or essential services beyond acceptable levels.
Economic Sectors at Risk
Manufacturing and Export Industries
Italy’s manufacturing sector, concentrated in the North, depends on reliable logistics networks for both imported components and exported finished goods. Companies like Fiat, Ferrari, and numerous luxury fashion brands operate on tight production schedules where delays cascade into missed delivery deadlines and contractual penalties.
A general strike that disrupts ports and railways could force temporary plant closures, potentially affecting thousands of workers beyond those directly participating in strike actions. This creates tension within the labor movement itself between solidarity with Palestinian causes and protection of Italian jobs.
Tourism and Hospitality
October visitors to Italy, particularly those arriving through major transportation hubs, face potential disruptions affecting their experiences and Italy’s reputation. Tourism represents not only direct economic activity but also cultural soft power and international goodwill. Visitors experiencing strike-related disruptions may share negative experiences through social media and travel reviews, affecting future tourism demand.
The hospitality sector, which employs millions of Italians in often precarious jobs, may suffer reduced bookings if Italy develops a reputation for unreliable transportation infrastructure due to frequent labor actions.
Retail and Distribution
Modern retail depends on continuous inventory replenishment through sophisticated logistics networks. Port blockades and transportation disruptions threaten just-in-time delivery systems, potentially creating shortages of goods, missed sales opportunities, and inventory management problems that persist well beyond the immediate strike period.
Small and medium enterprises, which form the backbone of Italian commerce, often lack the financial buffers to absorb extended disruptions, making them particularly vulnerable to supply chain interruptions caused by labor actions.
Long-term Strategic Implications
The Politicization of Labor
The Gaza solidarity strikes represent a potentially significant evolution in Italian labor movement strategy, expanding the union agenda beyond traditional workplace issues into foreign policy activism. If successful, this approach might encourage unions to leverage economic power on other international questions—climate change, human rights in China, conflicts in Africa or Asia.
This expansion could strengthen unions by connecting them to broader social movements and demonstrating continued relevance beyond declining industrial employment. However, it also risks diluting labor’s focus on core worker concerns, alienating members who disagree with specific political positions, and exposing unions to accusations of overreaching their legitimate mandate.
Italy’s International Identity
The protests contribute to ongoing debates about Italy’s role in European and global affairs. Does Italy chart an independent course on Middle Eastern policy, potentially aligning more with Southern European and Mediterranean perspectives that often differ from Northern European or Anglo-American approaches? Or does Italy subordinate its distinct views to broader European Union consensus and transatlantic alliance commitments?
The labor movement’s activism on Gaza arguably reflects broader Italian public sentiment more sympathetic to Palestinian concerns than dominant positions in some other Western nations. Whether the government can or should respond to this sentiment becomes a question about democratic responsiveness versus diplomatic consistency and alliance obligations.
The Future of Protest Tactics
The October 2025 protests may represent a template for future civil society engagement with foreign policy issues in democratic societies. The combination of direct action (the flotilla), grassroots protest (street demonstrations and station occupations), and organized labor leverage (strikes and port blockades) creates a multi-dimensional pressure campaign difficult for governments to ignore or suppress.
Success or failure of this approach will influence activists globally considering how to generate political pressure on governments regarding international humanitarian concerns, potentially leading to either proliferation of similar tactics or recognition of their limitations and counterproductive effects.
Scenarios and Projections
Scenario 1: De-escalation Through Compromise
Best-case scenario involves diplomatic efforts producing agreements that address core concerns: flotilla participants are safely returned and perhaps allowed partial access to deliver humanitarian supplies through negotiated mechanisms; Italy’s government demonstrates responsiveness to public concerns while maintaining productive relationships with all parties; unions declare victory and suspend further actions; economic disruption remains limited.
This outcome requires significant diplomatic skill, good faith from all parties, and perhaps fortuitous timing where other factors (changing political dynamics in Israel, renewed peace process momentum, or international mediation success) create opportunities for face-saving compromises.
Scenario 2: Escalation and Confrontation
Worst-case scenario involves escalating confrontations between protesters and police, significant economic disruption, political polarization, and hardening of positions. Violence during protests generates government crackdowns; unions respond with sustained strikes; economic costs mount; businesses and moderate public opinion turn against protesters; international relationships deteriorate; and the underlying humanitarian situation in Gaza remains unaddressed or worsens.
This trajectory risks transforming a humanitarian solidarity movement into a domestic political crisis with significant economic costs and limited positive outcomes for any party, including Gazans whose plight motivated the original activism.
Scenario 3: Stalemate and Exhaustion
Most likely scenario involves the general strike occurring with significant but not catastrophic participation and disruption; international attention briefly focuses on the issue; some minor diplomatic gestures emerge but no fundamental policy changes; economic costs prove significant enough to deter frequent repetition of such actions; the protest movement gradually loses momentum without achieving clear victory; and underlying issues remain unresolved.
This outcome leaves all parties partially satisfied and dissatisfied, maintains existing tensions, and establishes uncertain precedents about the effectiveness of labor-based foreign policy activism.
Conclusion: The Intersection of Conscience and Commerce
The Italian labor movement’s response to the Gaza flotilla interception represents a remarkable moment in contemporary politics where moral conviction, economic leverage, and international humanitarian concerns converge. The protests challenge conventional boundaries between domestic and foreign affairs, workplace and political activism, and economic and moral considerations.
Whether history judges these actions as courageous moral leadership comparable to anti-apartheid solidarity or as misguided economic self-harm that overreached labor’s legitimate sphere will depend largely on outcomes still unfolding. What remains clear is that organized labor in democratic societies retains significant power to disrupt business as usual when sufficiently motivated by issues beyond immediate workplace concerns.
The Italian case also reveals the challenges democratic governments face when popular mobilization on foreign policy issues conflicts with diplomatic imperatives, economic interests, and alliance relationships. The legitimacy of representative democracy rests partly on government responsiveness to public sentiment, but also on capacity to make difficult decisions that may diverge from popular opinion when broader considerations demand it.
For Gaza’s population, the effectiveness of Italian labor solidarity in actually improving humanitarian conditions remains uncertain. International attention generated by the protests may create pressure for policy changes, or it may prove to be simply symbolic gestures that do little to address the underlying blockade and humanitarian crisis. The gap between activist intentions and tangible outcomes often proves larger than hoped.
Ultimately, the October 2025 Italian protests pose fundamental questions about power, solidarity, and responsibility in an interconnected world where economic leverage can be wielded for political purposes, where domestic civil society increasingly engages with foreign policy, and where the boundaries of legitimate protest remain contested and evolving. The answers that emerge from this confrontation will resonate far beyond Italy’s borders, influencing how future movements approach the intersection of labor rights, humanitarian concerns, and international politics.
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